Diving into open water sources in commercial duck production

There has been a global drive towards improved farm animal welfare and optimised system sustainability. An important conflicting point for the welfare of domestic ducks is the provision of open water sources, which allow ducks to perform the full repertoire of water-related behaviours that are essential for their health and welfare. Domestic ducks exhibit preening and bathing behaviours to maintain their eye, nostril and feather condition and to ensure protection against bacterial and fungal