Keeping birds’ body temperature in the thermoneutral zone

The average temperature on earth is expected to increase by 1.5-3°C this century, with serious impacts on nature. This will also affect the global poultry industry by increasing the potential for heat stress. Chickens cannot sweat, as we all know. So how do chickens lose heat, and how can we prevent heat stress? Depending on the environment, birds can constantly lose heat to the environment through radiation, convection and conduction (Figure 1). When the bird breathes, a small amount of coo